Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Page 22 Page 23 Page 24 Page 25 Page 26 Page 27 Page 28 Page 29 Page 30 Page 31 Page 32 Page 33 Page 34 Page 35 Page 36 Page 37 Page 38 Page 39 Page 40 Page 41 Page 42 Page 43 Page 44 Page 45 Page 46 Page 47 Page 48 Page 49 Page 50 Page 51 Page 52 Page 53 Page 54 Page 55 Page 56 Page 57 Page 58 Page 59 Page 60 Page 61 Page 62 Page 63 Page 64 Page 65 Page 66 Page 67 Page 68 Page 69 Page 70 Page 71 Page 72 Page 73 Page 74 Page 75 Page 76 Page 77 Page 78 Page 79 Page 80 Page 81 Page 82 Page 83 Page 84 Page 85 Page 86 Page 87 Page 88 Page 89 Page 90 Page 91 Page 92 Page 93 Page 94 Page 95 Page 96 Page 97 Page 98 Page 99 Page 100 Page 101 Page 102 Page 103 Page 104 Page 105 Page 106 Page 107 Page 108 Page 109 Page 110 Page 111 Page 112 Page 113 Page 114 Page 115 Page 11674 www.seed.ab.ca | Advancing Seed in Alberta Cisgenesis Using this method, specific traits of interest are introduced into a plant using genetic modification, but only using genes from the same species, or from a species that can be crossed with it (Figure 6). The introduced cisgene is an identical copy of a gene from the sexually compatible pool, including promoter, introns and terminator. The donor plant must be crossable with the recipient plant. This means that the same result could be achieved through conventional plant breeding, but this would take a much longer period, often up to four or five times longer. This technique is especially promising for the development of plant varieties of vegetatively propagated crops, such as potato, apple, banana, cassava and grape. Intragenesis Plants created with this technique contain new genes that originate from the species itself or from a crossable species. Intragenesis allows in vitro recombination of genetic elements isolated from different genes within the sexually compatible gene pool. With cisgenesis, genes are a new combination of genetic elements that cannot be obtained with traditional breeding. For example, one can replace the natural promotor by a pro- motor from another gene that comes from the same species. As with every technique there are limitations. One of the limitations shared by both cisgenesis and intragenesis is traits outside the sexually compatible gene pool cannot be introduced. Additionally, the creation of intragenic crops requires new expertise and more time compared with transgenic crops. The desired genes or fragments of genes may not be readily available, but have to be isolated from the sexually compat- ible gene pool. Also, the production of selection marker-free plants often requires the implementa- tion or development of new methods, since such methods may not be readily available Figure 6. Diagram comparing the genetic changes achieved through conventional plant breeding, transgenesis and cisgenesis Source: Wikipedia Whereon theWeb: PositionpaperofEuropeanSeed Association(ESA)onNewPlant BreedingTechniques:https:// www.euroseeds.eu/new-plant- breeding-techniques EUCommissionpageonNew PlantBreedingTechniques: http://ec.europa.eu/food/ plant/gmo/legislation/plant_ breeding/index_en.htm EFSApaperoncisgenesis& intragenesis:http://www.efsa. europa.eu/en/efsajournal/ pub/2561 EFSApaperonZincFinger Nuclease3:http://www.efsa. europa.eu/en/efsajournal/ pub/2943 JRCpaperonNewPlant BreedingTechniques:http://ftp. jrc.es/EURdoc/JRC63971.pdf NewBreedingTechniques(NBT) Platform:www.nbtplatform.org WURbrochureonOpportunities ofNewPlantBreeding Techniques:http://edepot.wur. nl/357723